Photography Lighting for Beginners

If you’re new to lighting, this article will ease you into a few lighting basics for photography with some easy-to-understand characteristics of light and how it reacts to the environment. You can easily get overwhelmed with all the technicalities of light, but don’t worry, we’re not going for a deep dive this time around. We’re just going to wade in the water a bit, just up to our knees, and get a feel for some foundational elements of light.

First, we’re going to focus on training your eye to evaluate the environment around you. Then, we’ll take a closer look at light and how to transform it.

What direction is the light coming from? Is it overhead? Spilling in from the side? Coming from various points? Are you shooting inside an office surrounded by cubicles and overhead fluorescent lighting? Or maybe you’re in a modern living room surrounded by white walls, tall ceilings, and an entire wall of windows with sunlight streaming through the panes. Or, you could be indoors at an evening wedding reception with multi-colored spotlights coming from the band on stage and glowing strands of tungsten lights crisscrossing the ceiling.

Take a look at the light itself. Is it broad, soft, and diffuse light? Or is it hard, pointed, and structured light? Soft light is even and less contrasty. It wraps smoothly around your subject with gradual transitions from light to dark. The shadows are soft-edged and blend smoothly into lighter areas. Many photographers prefer soft light for portraiture and headshots because it’s a flattering light that smooths skin and evens out wrinkles.

Light has color. You’ve probably noticed that candles burn a warm, orange-yellow color while some incandescent bulbs cast white or blue-toned light. The range of colors from orange-yellow to white to blue is called color temperature. In photography, color temperature is measured via the Kelvin (K) scale. Your camera most likely uses a Kelvin scale of about 2000K (very warm, orange-toned light) to 10,000K (very blue-toned light). Daylight (neutral light) is about 5500K.

To create soft light, you need a way to diffuse and scatter a hard beam of light. That’s why lamps have lampshades and photographers use softboxes on strobes. Lampshades and softboxes break up the beam of light and soften what’s coming from the bulb. This is called diffusion. It involves adding a layer of material between the light and your subject. You can also soften light by bouncing or reflecting it off another surface before it hits your subject. We’ll talk more about bouncing light, next, and then we’ll move onto how to diffuse light.

Let’s say you’re doing a photoshoot and your subject is too dark on one side.  To reflect light into the shadows, all you have to do is place a flat, white surface near the shadow area and opposite the light source. Angle it toward the dark spots to bounce light into the shadows.

This white surface could be any number of things. It doesn’t have to be fancy or expensive to work. If your subject is small, a piece of folded paper, cardstock, or a block of white styrofoam leftover from a box of packaging material could do the job. Look around your environment and see what you have to work with. Be resourceful. We’ve even heard of photographers who’ve grabbed a roll of white paper towels during a food shoot for a quick, makeshift reflector.

If you want to use a dedicated piece of photo gear made specifically to bounce and reflect light, you can buy foldable fabric reflectors that come in white, silver, bronze, and gold to reflect neutral, cool, and warm light (see image below with a gold reflector on the left).

Tabletop V-Flats also work extremely well to bounce light into small-scale shoots. For portraits and large-scale shoots,  Foldable V-Flats work wonders for both studio and location work. When it comes to using V-Flats, a key benefit worthy of mentioning is that they’re exceptionally versatile tools to have in your arsenal.  V-Flats are not only light modifiers, they’re also used as backdrops, flags (light blockers), and much more. They travel well and can subtract light (negative fill) as well as magnify it. It’s a piece of lighting gear that’ll stretch your dollar in the best way. 

To diffuse light, you need something translucent between your light source and the subject. The goal is to break down hard beams of light by using diffusion material to soften and scatter the beams. 

Let’s imagine that you’re shooting a subject next to a window in the daytime. The light coming through the window is casting hard, contrasty beams of light across your subject and it’s not the look you’re going for. The solution is to diffuse the light. 

Just like with bouncing, the gear used to diffuse light can be as inexpensive or as fancy as you want. To go the inexpensive route, grab a white bedsheet and tape it over a window or secure it with a few pushpins. The thinner the sheet the better so you can fold the sheet over and adjust the level of diffusion to your liking. Voila. Instant light diffusion using a humble bedsheet. 

To get fancier, you can purchase what’s called a “scrim.”  Scrims are white diffusion panels made to soften light. They even come in various “stops” of diffusion so you can fine tune the intensity of your light. (Rather than folding over a thin bedsheet to adjust light intensity, just grab the correct scrim for the level of diffusion you want.) Tip: You can also use a white, foldable reflector as a scrim. 

Diffusion is why photographers use white shoot-thru umbrellas and softboxes with their strobes. These light modifiers soften and cut down the intensity of the light for a more pleasing effect. 

So far, we’ve mainly talked about natural light. We’re going to take a few moments to touch on artificial light, but we won’t get too deep. Just a quick elementary lesson.

First things first: Take your flash off-camera. If you’ve photographed people with your on camera flash or even with your phone’s flash, you’ll notice the unattractive result: glowing demon eyes and overly pale skin. This is because the light is on axis with the lens, which creates a situation where the light is blasting directly at your subject and their eyes are facing right into the light.

Instead, use a light stand to mount your light and position it to the side and angled down at your subject from at least one foot above your subject. The most commonly used lighting angle is 45 degrees to the side of your subject with another light on the opposite side for fill (or a v-flat, reflector, etc). Typically, the main light (aka “key light”) is also several feet higher than the subject. You can also place the light at eye level or even below the subject although it’s usually not as flattering as placing the light above and 45 degrees to the side.

Take some test shots with a model and play around with lighting positions. Watch how the shadows move around your model’s face. Pay attention to what’s flattering and what’s not. You can even use your own face, a flashlight, and a mirror in a somewhat dim room to study how lighting position affects the highlights and shadows on your face. Just orbit the flashlight in a circle all around your face from the top of your head to underneath your chin (scary, right?), and then back around the other side.

Alright, that’s enough for one lesson. You’ve gotten your feet wet with a bit of Photo Lighting 101. It’s time to dry off and pat yourself on the back. Well done! Lighting is a vast pool that can be super technical and overwhelming. Don’t sweat it if you’re not swimming laps just yet. Just learn in little chunks and you won’t feel like you’re drowning.

Soon enough, you’ll learn how to control the light instead of having it control you. Once you learn how to shape and modify light, you won’t be at the mercy of weather or time of day. You’ll be able to walk into any situation with confidence that you can light it well and get the shot.

If You’re Ready to Dive in for More…

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